For several decades there has been controversy over whether or not highly red shifted quasars can be found located in low red shifted galaxies. The matter has been revisited in recent years, and this time it appears that a highly red shifted quasar has been located in a nearby galaxy.. Discovery Poses Cosmic Puzzle: Can A 'Distant' Quasar Lie Within A Nearby Galaxy?. "How could a galaxy 300 million light years away contain a stellar object several billion light years away?"

The Pioneer spacecraft are decelerating at a constant rate (the product of the speed of light and Hubble's constant). The Inverse Square law describes an energy field wherein the density of the field decreases with distance, which is to say that the energy field ‘red shifts' the further away from the center of the field a point is located, and we could say that the energy field ‘blue shifts' closer to the center of the field. We assume that momentum is relative, in that the Pioneer spacecraft would require more momentum as they move into a dilated part of the field if they are to maintain a consistent velocity. This then suggests that the total potential velocity of the two spacecraft must be increasing as the two spacecraft decelerate.

We could then say that as the field energy ‘red shifts' (the density decreases) the momentum field of the two Pioneer spacecraft must ‘blue shift' to compensate if the two craft are to maintain their former velocity. It must also be true that if the field ‘blue shifts' (becomes more energetically dense nearer the source of the field) the momentum field of the two spacecraft would have to ‘red shift' (a decrease in momentum field density) if the two space craft were to maintain a consistent velocity.

We therefore assume that if a relative process is to produce equivalent momentum, the process must produce a red shifted result when the surrounding energy field is blue shifted, and when the energy field red shifts, the process must produce a corresponding blue shifted result if momentum is to remain constant.

This leads to the conclusion that there are three factors that contribute to the red shifting of an observed phenomenon: the Doppler effect, the gravitational red shift, and the quantum process red shift. One of the problems we encounter with a highly red shifted quasar in a low red shift galaxy is that the red shifting cannot be explained by the Doppler effect and the gravitational red shift alone. Therefore, if it is true that highly red shifted quasars are found located in low red shifted galaxies, then it must be considered proof positive that momentum is relative and that the relativity of quantum processes must be a logically following result of this relativity of momentum. Quasars appear highly red shifted because the quantum processes emitting the radiation are releasing highly red shifted electromagnetic radiation at the source.

The anomalous rotation of galaxies has led to the conclusion that something called ‘dark matter' must exist, for galaxies are found to exhibit a red shift that is a flat line, when the gravitational red shift would lead us to expect a curve (the galaxy appears to rotate like one solid body and the red shift appears equivalent both in the low intensity part of the gravitational field and in the high intensity center of the field, which gravitational red shift alone cannot explain). However if we take the example of the two Pioneer spacecraft as our model, then we can see that the quantum processes in the blue shifted field of the galaxy (towards the center) are keeping quantum momentum constant by releasing highly red shifted light at the source, in much the same way as must be true of highly red shifted quasars.

Taken together these three examples are strong indications that both momentum and processes are relative.