In the image above we see two moving objects, one with less momentum (and thus a lower velocity), both of which are heading towards a collision with two stationary objects. After the collision the two moving objects become the two stationary objects, while the once stationary objects are now found to be moving with the same velocity after impact as the impacting body (a transfer of momentum energy has occurred).





Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his explanation of the Photoelectric Effect, which then became the foundation stone of the field of Quantum Physics in the 20th Century. When a low frequency, red shifted wave length of light struck a metal plate, there would be no result. When a higher frequency blue shifted wave length of light struck a metal plate, the result would be the ejection of an electron with a certain momentum, and if the frequency of light was increased, the momentum of the ejected electrons from the metal plate would also be increased. Increasing the brightness of the light did not increase the momentum of the ejected electrons. All that would happen when the brightness increased is that more electrons would be ejected from the metal plate, while the momentum of the ejected electrons remained dependant only upon the frequency of the light striking the plate. Low frequency light did not eject low momentum electrons, but rather the result was no electrons ejected from the metal plate.

These results were inconsistent with the ‘wave theory' of electromagnetism developed in the 19thcentury. If a ‘smaller, less powerful wave' struck the plate, it was expected that electrons would possess lower momentum (in the same way that if a small wave of water struck an object it would impart a lower momentum) and therefore, if the frequency of the waves was kept constant but the amplitude was increased, it was expected that electrons would gain momentum (in the same way that a larger more powerful wave would impart more momentum to an object upon impact). However this is not what happened, and instead it was found that increasing the power of the wave only ejected more electrons with exactly the same momentum, with the change in momentum dependant only upon the change in frequency..





Einstein laid the foundations for Quantum Theory with his theory that electromagnetic radiation came in the form of little packets (quanta) of energy (photons). A red shifted photon had ‘less energy' and when it impacted the metal plate it did not result in the ejection of an electron. A blue shifted photon possessed a ‘higher energy' and therefore it transferred momentum to an electron which was ejected from the plate, with the momentum of the ejected electron equivalent to the energy level of the impacting photon (a higher energy photon resulted in the ejection of an electron with greater momentum). If the frequency of the light was increased the result was the ejection of an electron possessing this increased momentum, while if the amplitude (the brightness) was increased, the result was the ejection of more electrons with the same momentum, for all that had happened was the number of these discrete photons possessing this fixed energy level had increased.

The result was that the kinetic energy of the ejected photons (KE) varied with the frequency of the light according to the following linear equation (the graph of the relationship would be in the form of a straight line), where ‘h' is Planck's constant and ‘f' is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation from which is subtracted a constant which represents the type of metal involved in the reaction.





It has been typical practice in twentieth century physics to assume that the ‘mass energy' equivalence principle does not apply to the photon. The photon possesses energy but the equation E=MC2 cannot be applied to the energy represented by a photon, for a photon must possess ‘zero rest mass'. The reason why this is true seems only to keep certain mathematical equations from breaking down, for no ‘mass of matter' can travel at the speed of light, and since a photon does travel at the speed of light it cannot be assigned a ‘rest mass'. At the same time it is possible to speak of the ‘mass equivalent' of all other ‘bosons' and the only boson for which the mass-energy equivalence cannot apply is the photon, for that would ruin certain mathematical calculations. At the same time it is required that certain mathematical stunts be employed such as ‘renormalization' for such mathematical equations are in the habit of producing nonsensical results and thus require some tinkering.

The inconsistencies present here lead me to suspect that something is wrong with the mathematical equations, and that such stunts as assigning a zero rest mass to a photon, and assuming that the momentum of a photon is meaningless (it does not produce the same results for a photon which travels at the speed of light no matter its change in momentum) or the practice of ‘renormalization' should all be interpreted as indications that something is wrong with the mathematics and therefore something is wrong in the field of physics.

One more sign that this must be true is the fact that Quantum Physics has spent the latter half of the 20thcentury choking on Einstein and everyone agrees that gravity is the one troublesome field, since it behaves like no other energy field, being after all, a gravity field and thus a matter based field and not an energy field like all other fields.

With these thoughts in mind I do not hesitate to commit acts of heresy, and suggest that the so called ‘zero rest mass' of a photon is some manufactured fiction of 20th century physics. I also suggest that the momentum of a photon is not a meaningless concept, but that once again the idea that a photon travels at ‘the speed of light' is just one more fiction invented by 20th century physics, and I also suggest that it is the malingering presence of such fictions that is the root cause of all this choking and is also the root cause of all this mathematical ‘renormalization' that is required if such mathematical systems are not to implode and crumble into a pile of wreckage.





We make the following assumption. Objects coast through space with engines off (moving only because they possess ‘conserved momentum') and there must be a very profound reason why this happens. We assume that space is an energy field. It is typical of an energy field to move towards a state of rest (entropy) and it is typical for the magnetic component of the field to work to create a perfectly smooth and even field with no discontinuities present. We assume that ‘a mass of matter' represents a discontinuity in space, and therefore objects are in motion because they are being ‘pushed' from one location in space to another (entropy is maintained while the problem is simply transferred from one location in the space field to another where the pushing process continues). The speed at which an object moves is dependant upon the momentum energy in its momentum field (‘conserved momentum') and the resulting polarization of the surrounding field energy of space (the greater the involvement of this space field the more energy is involved in the pushing process and the result is a greater velocity in the object being ‘pushed around').

It is common to assume that electromagnetic radiation possesses certain intrinsic properties. It possesses the property of motion. It moves of its own accord because motion is a property of electromagnetic radiation. It possesses the property of being a particle (the photon) because quantization is one of the strange properties of electromagnetic radiation. It also possesses the property of being a wave, for such weirdness is a property of electromagnetic radiation (the so called ‘particle wave duality). However for the purposes of the Unified Field Theory we will dispose of this practice of assigning such properties to the electromagnetic wave and we will make the assumption that such observations are actually observations of field effects, and are therefore not intrinsic properties of electromagnetic radiation.




All fields seek to maintain a state of entropy, and resist discontinuities in the field. Therefore if energy is to be transferred from field to field a force is always involved, and the result of this forced transfer is the quantization of energy (energy is transferred in small packets, all at once, because the use of force is required to transfer energy between fields). An attempt is made to illustrate this concept in the image above. An atom must release a green photon. It cannot simply radiate continuous energy because it must fight against the impedance generated by the surrounding energy field in which an atom must exist. Therefore force is required, and the atom emits a green photon. The problem has now been transferred to the energy field, for this green photon represents a disruption in the field (the idea here is similar to that proposed by the theory of ‘the Higgs field' where it is said that ‘mass' represents a kind of disruption in the Higgs field, and in this way the ‘Higgs field' causes matter to hold together).





We therefore make the assumption that electromagnetic particles (photons) are in motion through the space field for the same reason that any other ‘mass' of energy is in motion through the field. The photons represent a disruption in the field, and therefore they are pushed from one location to another. Entropy is restored to the field by pushing the photon out of the way, and the problem is transferred to the next location in the space field, where the process continues. For some fundamental reason, photons do not travel in a straight line, but rather a strange oscillating movement is the result, and as the momentum of a photon increases, the frequency of these strange oscillations increases. Therefore, the motion of a photon is field effect. In the same way, the so called ‘particle wave duality' are not properties of electromagnetic radiation, but are also field effects. The electromagnetic energy is ejected into the field in the form of quanta (particles of energy) because force is required to disturb the entropy of the field, and the resulting wave like pattern is also a field effect, as for some reason photons move through the field in an oscillating pattern.





We therefore make the assumption that no photon actually travels at ‘the speed of light' for the momentum of a photon is a meaningful concept, for as the momentum of a photon changes, so does its velocity through the field. We assume that the wave function is simply a field effect and is the course followed by a photon as it travels through the field. A red photon has lower momentum, and travels slower, and it also generates a lower frequency of these ‘waves'. Blue photons have a higher momentum and if a blue photon is to travel through the field and follow an increasingly oscillating path and then arrive at the same destination at the same time as a red photon with lower momentum, it logically follows from this that a blue photon must be moving with increased velocity (it must cover more distance due to its oscillating trajectory, and since it always arrives at the same time as the red photon, it must travel faster through the field). Therefore we conclude that the ‘speed of light' is not equivalent to the speed of a photon, but rather the term ‘the speed of light' refers to apparent propagation of this wave like phenomenon.

In recent years the field of quantum physics has been producing strange anomalies, in that electrons have been accelerated faster than the speed of light, which is not supposed to be possible. We conclude from this that the idea that electromagnetic waves possess ‘motion' as an intrinsic property is a falsehood generated by 20th century physics, and is one of the negative consequences of Einstein's rejection of the so called ‘aether hypothesis' generated in the 19th century. The result was the generation of an enigmatic matter based tautology (matter simply coasts through ‘spacetime' following the curved paths of that ‘spacetime', which then leaves us asking the question ‘why do objects coast through space because they have conserved momentum?') Upon consideration of the anomalous results produced in recent times, we conclude that the idea that ‘the speed of light' is some kind of arbitrary ‘speed limit' in the universe is fictional, for even photons regularly travel ‘faster than light'. We also conclude that the so called ‘particle wave duality' is another fiction generated by 20th century physics, for the wave function is simply a bizarre field effect. Therefore ‘faster than light' communication would never be possible using light, for a photon will always arrive at a destination ‘at the speed of light' due to this strange wave like oscillation generated by the interaction between the photon and the field. Faster than light communication would only be possible by employing accelerated electrons, for it would seem that matter is able to move through space following ‘a straight line' while avoiding wasting momentum by moving through space following the oscillating trajectory of an energy packet such as a photon.





We can therefore take another look at the photoelectric effect and reinterpret the effect by assigning a lower momentum (and thus a lower velocity) to a red shifted photon. The increased momentum of electrons ejected by blue shifted photons is a direct consequence of the increased momentum (and therefore the increased velocity) of blue shifted photons. The conservation of momentum therefore produces higher velocity electrons when the metal plate is struck by higher velocity photons, and the result is no different than what you would expect if a higher velocity billiard ball was to strike a stationary billiard ball, with the transfer of momentum resulting in the ejection of a higher velocity billiard ball.