Magnetic fields are three dimensional and obey the inverse square law, such that the ‘lines of force’ are tighter close to the source and then spread out the further away from the source one gets. The field is potentially infinite in size, but in actual practice it gets weaker and weaker the farther one moves away from the source.





The above image is intended to convey the idea that the lines of force in a three dimensional magnetic sphere surrounding a galaxy, or a solar system, is ‘narrower’ towards the center of the sphere and then expands and spreads out the further out you go from the center.





The Smith Hydrogen Cloud has assumed a form that resembles triangular form expected of an object obeying ‘the Inverse Square Law’.





In the image above we can see how it would possible to explain the apparent shape of the Smith Hydrogen Cloud by assigning it a position within the rings of the lines of force of a magnetic field around the galaxy. The narrower portion would correspond to a narrower ring, the middle to a slightly wider ring, the end to a slightly wider ring than that.

The conventional explanation for the triangular shape of the Smith Hyrdrogen Cloud is that the cloud is impacting a gas cloud around the Milky Way Galaxy, and that as it plows through this gaseous envelope it is forced into a funnel shape.. This leaves unexplained why it would be the case that such a gas cloud has not yet been pulled into the galaxy as is happening to the Smith Cloud. Galaxies, given time, do act like giant vacuum cleaners of space, which is why there is a few million light years of empty void between our galaxy and our nearest neighbor.

Acceleration, Gravity, and Einstein’s Equivalence Principle

If an astronaut in space was to accelerate with a force equivalent to 1-G the astronaut would experience a force pulling him back in his seat of 1-G, the same force as exerted by gravity upon the earth. If a pilot in an airplane does a high speed maneuver the pilot can experience many times 1-G force, and a pilot can even pass out in the seat of the airplane because of the force of many times the force of earth’s normal gravity that a pilot can experience when accelerating rapidly. When you step on the gas pedal on your car and begin a high speed acceleration, you experience G-Forces pulling you back into the seat of your car. All these are examples of Einstein’s principle of Equivalence, whereby acceleration and gravity are considered equivalent. If someone was to be locked into a box, with no windows, and no way of knowing what was going on around them, and they experienced G-Forces of 1-G they would have no way of knowing whether or not their box was resting on the surface of the earth, or whether they were out in space and accelerating constantly while generating 1-G of force.

Now this strange equivalence might lead a person to wonder what it is about acceleration and gravity that make the two phenomenons equivalent. The answer to that question may sound strange, for it turns out that when you are standing on the earth and you are experiencing a 1-G of force under the influence of the earth’s gravity, you are constantly ‘accelerating’ upwards so as to maintain an upward momentum of 1-G of force. Now you do not attain any upward velocity as you constantly accelerate upwards off the surface of the earth, because your 1-G of upwards acceleration is exactly cancelled by the 1-G of downward momentum being applied to you by the earth’s gravitational field. You are in orbit around the earth, and you are constantly falling towards the center of gravity deep within the earth, and the only thing that keeps your feet firmly planted on one spot so that you do not plummet to the very center of the earth are the zillions of little atoms and their little magnetic bubbles that are stacked and stacked and stacked beneath your feet.

Now even though you are perched on top of a stack of a gazillion little atoms, that does not mean that you aren’t falling all day long, and it does not mean that you do not need to constantly maintain your 1-G worth of upward momentum. All the energy you burn maintaining that momentum explains why you have to stop to refuel at lunch time, and then again around supper time, for it takes energy to constantly accelerate upwards so as to maintain your momentum and your constant upwards velocity of zero miles per hour, for you are living in a gravity field, under the constant influence of 1-G of downward momentum, and your constant need to accelerate upwards at exactly 1-G does drain you of energy, and so to maintain your momentum you will have to stop for a snack and refuel.

So then you can see the reason why Einstein invoked the principle of Equivalence and declared acceleration and gravity to be equivalent, for they are equivalent, for whether you are accelerating so as to maintain a velocity of zero in a gravitational field or you are out in space accelerating to obtain a velocity of some speed or another, you are experiencing G-Forces in both cases, and if Einstein were to lock you up in some windowless box, and run experiments with you as the lab rat, you would find it impossible to guess correctly whether or not Einstein had placed that box with you in it on the surface of the earth, or whether Einstein had you accelerating through the void of space, for you would experience 1-G of force for that acceleration, no matter if your actual velocity was zero on the ground upon the earth, or you were speeding through empty space outside some gravity field.

Evoking Einstein’s Principle of Equivalence: Length Dilation, Velocity, and the Gravitational Field

Now it has already been demonstrated that Einstein’s Time Dilation occurs within a gravitational field, for atomic clocks run slower within the earth’s gravitational field than they do out in space, and it is also well established that Einstein’s principle of equivalence applies here as well, for when you increase your velocity your clock runs slower. So we can see that there is a strange equivalence between velocity and gravitation, but that should be no surprise, because, as I tried to explain above, you must maintain a constant upward velocity within a gravitational field so as to exactly balance out that downward momentum with upward momentum so as to maintain a velocity of zero when you are in a gravitational field. Therefore, since clocks run slower where velocity increases it is no surprise that clocks run slower in gravitational fields, because you see, velocity increases there as well, even if you don’t notice the effect because your feet never leave the ground.

Now Einstein also predicted that weird phenomenon known as ‘length dilation’ whereby as your velocity increases, your length dilates, and you become more and more two dimensional and less three dimensional as your velocity approaches the speed of light. Now given the well known equivalence between velocity and gravitational fields, it should come as no surprise to anyone if someone were to invoke the principle of equivalence, and state that not only does time dilate in a gravitational field but length dilates as well. Yes, every length is a little shorter the stronger a gravitational field becomes, not that anyone would notice a difference, because their length was also a little shorter, and when everyone shrinks alike, no one shrinks very much, or so they think.

Gravitational Length Dilation – the experiment

John thought it was absurd that lengths dilate in gravitational fields, and so he took his twelve inch ruler, and checked out various spots in the galaxy, to find out if his twelve inch ruler would be a twelve inch ruler, or if it he would notice length dilation in that twelve inch ruler.





First John found a patch of empty undistorted space with no galaxy around, and John checked his ruler (in red) and then John checked that the speed of light was 300,000 kilometers per second by using his tech gadgetry to measure how long it took light to travel the length of that twelve inch ruler (in blue). Then John took his twelve inch ruler and started going deeper and deeper into the gravitational field around some galaxy, and each time he checked his ruler to make sure it was still a twelve inch ruler, and found that it was, and then as an extra check he also checked the speed of light by measuring that ruler one more time using the time travel of light, and once again he found that, just as he suspected all along, no length contraction was occurring, because his ruler checked out as a twelve inch ruler each time, and the speed of light confirmed what he already could see with his own eyes, because it always took the same amount of time for light to travel that twelve inches.

Now what does John’s experiment with the ruler tell us about that space within each one of those magnetic bubbles. Each space is the ‘same space’, or so it would seem to those who live in that space. Even as length dilates as the space dilates, everyone in each one of those spaces believes they have the same amount of space. However things look quite different to an observer looking on from the outside.





Above is a hypothetical length dilation correction of an apparently ‘elliptical’ galaxy.

The presence of so many ‘elliptical’ galaxies is considered one of the great mysteries of the universe at the present time for we know that under the force of gravitation galaxies should not be so elliptical and yet they seem to be elliptical. It sure looks that way to an observer from the outside looking in at that distorted length dilated image of some massive structure that spans enormous space, and so reveals the effects of length dilation under gravitational fields, with the effects of the distortion becoming more pronounced the closer to the center of the strong field of gravity you look, or so my hypothesis would suggest.

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